Introduction

Well before the start of the genocide in Gaza, an “amputee crisis” was declared in Gaza by medical organizations concerned about the sharp rise in the number of amputees as well as the dearth of specialized care to support them.[1] This crisis therefore needs to be situated within the context of the 18-year siege on Gaza, part of the ongoing 1948 Nakba.[2] Four military offensives on the Gaza Strip since 2006 have contributed to the growing population of amputees. The control and deprivation of goods and services, including caloric limits, lack of clean drinking water, and minimal access to electricity, what Ghassan Abu-Sittah calls the “titration of life,” has created broad swathes of debilitating living conditions that further exacerbate any medical conditions and their treatment. In 2012 the UN declared that the Gaza Strip would be “unlivable” by 2020.[3] The genocide on Gaza can be understood as an intensification of these conditions that were already leading toward the un-livability of Gaza.

A Manufactured Crisis of Amputation

Amputations in Gaza are preventable on several levels. First, the vast majority result from “war injuries,” otherwise known as “traumatic amputations,” that are sustained during Israel's violent military assaults. Second, the concentration of injuries during acute periods of military assault on Gaza overwhelms already compromised medical care. As reconstructive surgeon Yvette Godwin notes, “Such recurrent major incidents, with all cases presenting with the same injury in a matter of hours, is unprecedented…Any hospital in any country would struggle to treat 500 open lower limb injuries in one day.”[4] Further noting that in such cases surgeons were often acting alone, “doing the best they could to stem bleeding, debride and immobilize,” Godwin states that “basic principles around war surgery could not always be followed…on days where mass casualties were admitted.”[5]

Due to the shortages of antibiotics and other treatments and supplies, as well as medical staff, many wounds develop infections that lead to amputation. Finally, permission to leave and receive care in the West Bank, Jordan, and other parts of the world are routinely denied. With proper medical care, many amputations would be entirely avoidable.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the overall population of Palestinians with disabilities in Gaza before October 7, 2023, was estimated at 2.6 percent, approximately 58,000 people.[6] North Gaza Governorate had the highest percentage at 5 percent. The number of persons with disabilities in Gaza doubled over the course of ten years, from 2007 to 2017.[7] Another survey from the 2017 Population, Housing and Establishments census states that almost 7 percent of Gazans report having a “difficulty or disability.”[8] Shortages in energy disproportionately affect Palestinians with disabilities who rely on electrical devices.[9]

These statistics are a reductive and epistemically violent rendering of the war on health in Gaza. They cannot and do not approach the varied experiences of suffering or fortitude of Palestinians in Gaza nor do they offer any understanding of the situation beyond a population level analysis. This policy paper is thus limited by this genre of reporting and as such partakes in a positivist empiricism that captures through enumeration.

This paper presents an overview of the history of the growing number of amputees in Gaza, a “visible presence in the general population,”[10] with specific focus on the Great March of Return. It then reviews the significant biomedical and social implications of the increasing number of amputees in the context of severely restricted medical services and damaged and compromised medical infrastructures. Finally, it assesses the impact of the Israeli genocide in Gaza, currently halted by a ceasefire, on the overall amputee population.

History

The high number of Palestinian amputees is a result of compounded maiming across time in the Gaza Strip. Four military offensives on the Gaza Strip from 2006 to 2014 injured at least 17,000 Gazan Palestinians.[11] In 2006, 412 Palestinians were killed and 1,264 injured; in 2008–9, 1,383 were killed and 5,300 injured; in 2012,130 were killed and 1,399 injured; and in 2014, 2,251 were killed while 11,231 were injured.

Approximately 100 Palestinians had limbs amputated due to injuries during the 2009 assault on Gaza, according to World Health Organization (WHO) representatives in Gaza.[12] The Artificial Limbs and Polio Center (ALPC), the main amputee service provider at that time, reports that they “handled 300 amputees who were injured in the Israeli attacks from 2009 to the eve of the 2014 war.”[13]

The year 2014 represents the most notable increase of injuries, happening while hospitals and ambulances were being targeted by direct tank fire.[14] Of the 11,231 Palestinians injured, 3,436 were children and 3,540 were women. It is estimated that of those injured, 10 percent—more than 1,000 Palestinians—acquired a permanent disability.[15] UNRWA reported that of the children injured, one-third of them now have lifelong disabilities.[16] These statistics include approximately 100 new amputees, 14 of whom are women, 10 are children, including a one-year-old baby boy.[17] From the range of weapons that were used, drone attacks caused the greatest corporeal damage, resulting in the most extreme forms of amputations and requiring more operations than amputations from other weapons.[18]

The Great March of Return

The number of amputees increased significantly during the 2018 Great March of Return (GMR) due to the deliberate targeting of protesters' limbs by Israeli snipers. Over 35,000 protestors sustained injuries, almost 8,000 of them by live fire, and more than 7,000 injuries were in the lower limbs. The sheer volume of injuries sustained during concentrated periods meant that many patients could not receive timely care. Doctors without Borders (MSF), for example, stated that they “tripled their surgical capacity” since the start of the GMR but their “teams are overwhelmed.”[19] In June 2018, UN experts warned that Gaza's healthcare system was at a “breaking point.”[20]

According to the report of the United Nations Commission of Inquiry into violations committed during the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territories in 2018, by the end of 2018, “122 demonstrators had undergone amputations, including 20 children and a woman; of these, 98 were lower-limb amputations,” exceeding the numbers in both 2009 and 2014.[21]

Israel used impairment during the first and second intifadas as a form of control so as to avoid accusations of disproportionate killing, thus bolstering its claim to have the “most moral army in the world” and appearing to abide by international law, while continuing to wreak great harm. I have elsewhere called the use of injury as a “humane” liberal alibi for mass debilitation the “sovereign right to maim.”[22] As stated by the IDF, “when employing potentially lethal force, IDF forces aimed to wound and not to kill. In order to achieve this, IDF forces were required to aim below the knee and not to aim live ammunition at the center of body mass.”[23]

According to Adalah, the Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, the Supreme Court “fully adopted the Israeli military's position” when it refused two petitions questioning the practice of targeted injury, thereby validating its right to use “snipers and live fire against the Palestinian protestors in the Gaza Strip.” The court decision stated that the protestors constituted a “real danger” to the Israeli military.[24]

However, doctors on the scene contested such interpretations of the protestors as dangerous. As Dr. Ghassan Abu Sittah, a reconstructive surgeon working during the GMR, noted, “When you have such a huge number of almost identical injuries, where many of the patients were 150 meters away, not in direct contact with the Israeli soldiers, you realize that this is an intentional policy rather than collateral damage.” Sittah's comments demonstrate the fallacy in the Israeli Supreme Court's logic. Further, the policy of deliberately targeting certain body parts is not reviewed by the Supreme Court decision. Marie-Elisabeth Ingres, the head of mission for MSF notes that “when you have almost 90 percent of the people injured in the lower limb, it means that there is a policy to target the lower limbs.”[25]

The Israeli press, toward the conclusion of the GMR, concurred with these assessments. As reported extensively in Haaretz on March 6, 2020, by Israeli journalist Hilo Glazer, soldiers tallied the knees and/or limbs that they had conquered at the end of each day. Glazer demonstrates the “chain of command” through the words of this IDF commander: “For every sniper there was a commander at a junior level…like me, and a senior commander—a company commander or a deputy company commander. The superior officer would request authorization to fire the sector's brigade commander. He would get on the radio to him and ask: ‘Can I add another knee for this afternoon?'”[26] 

The result of the targeting of lower limbs during the GMR has been devastating, increasing the number of amputees in Gaza while also creating a mass spectacle of Palestinian maiming and suffering. According to WHO figures, 155 protestors underwent limb amputations by the end of 2019, including 19 children. Twenty-seven Palestinians suffered spinal injuries and were paralyzed as a result.[27] WHO also reports that out of 172 injured who became permanently disabled, over 20 percent are children, 121 of those are due to amputation. In other words, amputation in this cohort is the largest cause of permanent disability.[28] Of these 121 amputations, only 13 (11 percent) were conducted within 72 hours of the injury, known as “primary amputations.” “Secondary amputations,” 108 (89 percent) took place after that initial time frame and were the result of infection or the blockage of blood and oxygen to tissues (ischemia), highlighting how many amputations are due to inadequate supplies and staff.[29] The majority of these amputations (98) were above or below the knee.[30]

Further, the photographs that circulated of injured and amputated Palestinian men, especially those that were widely disseminated through mainstream Western media during the GMR, have an undeniable ideological impact. These images acculturate the “international community” to accept Palestinian bodies as damaged, Palestinian men as helpless and powerless, and the Palestinian cause as lacking vitality and force. In essence, amputation is produced by a violent settler-colonial state and neo-colonial global order as a “signature injury,” a mark of colonial rule and a condition of Palestinian being that is ontologically pre-ordained. In an interview first aired on Al-Jazeera English, Dr. Ghassan Abu-Sittah, reflecting on the current pediatric crisis of amputation created by the genocide, commented that to refuse this colonial marking, an amputated limb needs to be reconceptualized as a “badge of honor.”[31]

In my estimation, the targeting of Palestinian limbs during the GMR was both a repetition of and a rehearsal for sovereign violence. It was a version of Yitzhak Rabin's infamous “break their bones policy” from the First Intifada, this time using bullets instead of clubs and rocks. And it was a testing ground for the spectacle of mass impairment of Palestinians and the international tolerance for such violence, in essence priming audiences for the expansion of future violence and the scenes of the current genocide.

Biomedical and Social Impact

The most comprehensive study of amputees, conducted from June 2014 to December 2016, surveyed 254 Palestinians who lost one or more limbs between 2006 and 2016 due to military bombardment. Almost one in five—17 percent under the age of 18—were children at the time of the study: 92 percent were men, with a median age of 25.6 when initially amputated; 85 percent suffered major amputations that were above the wrist or ankle;[32] 44 percent of the study's participants had “metal fragments from explosives of unknown composition harbored” in their bodies.[33]

Prior to the start of the genocide, the vast majority of amputees were young, well-educated men. Young men who were protesting predominate the amputee population from the Great March of Return. The gendered aspect of amputation needs to be considered in full. An amputated

“breadwinner” affects the entire family unit, requiring women and often children to take on (extra) paid labor while also caring for a disabled family member. The largely invisible and unpaid labor of social reproduction is radically increased when a member of the family is disabled. In the study above, “sixty-three percent of amputees were their family's sole breadwinner, 75.2% were unemployed, and 46% had lost their home.”[34]

The trauma of becoming a “burden” to family and friends in an economy that suffers from high unemployment and that has been deliberately de-developed[35] also needs to be highlighted. The physical trauma of amputation is exacerbated by the social trauma of being unable to work and provide for family, thus becoming a dependent, in essence a form of emasculation.[36] One study determined that there is a stronger connection between “pain and psychological distress” and familial economic hardship due to loss of income than between the “anatomical and medical severity of extremity amputations.”[37] Among the range of long-term symptoms, those that predominate are depression, anxiety, insomnia, and phantom pain, along with joint and back pain.[38] Among the population more generally it is estimated that over two-thirds of Gazans grapple with depression.[39]

From 2009–2014, prostheses were only available at the Artificial Limbs and Polio Center.[40] A study following the lower-limb amputees due to ballistic injuries sustained during the GMR found that only 11 percent did not need an adjustment to their stump or prosthesis and only one-third used their prostheses. “The limiting factor for repair was supply of materials.”[41]

While it is generally acknowledged that rehabilitation services are stretched thin, often inaccessible due to distance and infrastructural decimation, potentially expensive, and under resourced, social support systems were organized for amputees. For example, The Gaza Amputee Project, created by the Palestine Children's Relief Fund in 2019, was formed in response to the amputee crisis after the GMR in order to assist those who had undergone “congenital and traumatic limb operations.”[42] Also in 2019, the first Palestinian national soccer team entirely comprised of amputees was established by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in collaboration with the Palestinian Amputee Football Association.[43] The ICRC and the Palestinian Paralympic Committee also organized the first Amputee Cycling Tournament in 2021.[44]

Current Genocide

In 2021, the Artificial Limbs and Polio Center reported that there were 1,765 amputees in Gaza.[45]

In January 2025, the Ministry of Health in Gaza announced that they recorded 4,500 amputations since October 7, 2023, including 800 children, representing 18 percent of the total number.[46] That number is expected to rise given the difficulties of producing accurate statistics in the midst of ongoing destruction of civilian institutions.[47] These statistics are likely from cases in Ministry of Health hospitals and may not reflect the overall total number of amputees.

The genocide in Gaza has brought renewed focus on amputees because of the scores of children who have had one or more limbs amputated, often without the use of anesthesia. It is unclear as yet how many children have undergone amputations. An oft-quoted statistic in the early months of the genocide was that ten children a day were losing limbs.[48] In February 2024, UNICEF reported that either one or both legs of “more than a thousand children in the Gaza Strip were amputated.”[49] UNRWA, UN rapporteurs, and the Ministry of Health in Gaza provided data in April 2024 confirming that “thousands of children in the Gaza Strip have undergone limb amputations, resulting in permanent disabilities.”[50] Dr. Layth Hanbali announced on a Twitter live broadcast on September 12, 2024 that 11,000 children have had one or more limbs amputated. By far the highest estimate, Hanbali stated that “this is the largest cohort of pediatric amputees in the history of warfare”; Abu-Sittah called it the “biggest cohort of pediatric amputees in history.”[51] This number is likely to grow as the genocide continues into its second year, part of what has been deemed Israel's “war against children.”[52] The Ministry of Health is currently conducting a survey to gather accurate figures; physicians on the ground estimate the numbers to be much higher than what has been quoted in official reports to date.[53]

Child amputees in particular require regular care as their wounds grow with their bodies, as they “may encounter challenges in mobility and motor skills development.”[54] Abu-Sittah explains that “bone grows faster than soft tissue and severed nerves often reattach painfully to skin,” requiring multiple follow-up surgeries as well as regular updating of prosthetic devices to ensure they properly fit.[55] Furthermore, “morbidity and mortality rates among many of these injured children might increase if they do not receive the highly intensive, long-term care they require quickly.”[56]

The use of new types of weapons was considered in part to cause more serious injuries that require amputations, according to Dr. Nahed Abu Taima, director of Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis.[57] While the vast majority of traumatic amputees in Gaza have been Palestinian men,[58] it is unclear how much that predominance might shift given the entrance of pediatric amputees, who were not injured during male-dominated protests. Because of the scale of destruction of medical infrastructure in Gaza, indeed the deliberate targeting of hospitals and medical personnel, basic rehabilitation services and access to mobility aids such as crutches, wheelchairs, and prostheses are severely restricted.[59] The only remaining facility for manufacturing prostheses, Sheikh Hamad Hospital, was severely damaged by Israel in October 2023.[60]

Amputees (and disabled Palestinians in general) have also suffered in distinct ways during the genocide. There are numerous reports of amputees unable to find or denied access by Israeli military to their mobility assistive devices—wheelchairs, prostheses, and crutches—and having to crawl long distances to relocate and/or escape bombardment, often sustaining further injuries while doing so.[61]

Conclusion/Summary

The amputation crisis in Gaza is a manufactured one. It is the result of the systemic conditions of the 18-year siege on Gaza that limits supplies and prohibits travel for patients in need of treatment. A series of Israeli military campaigns on Gaza created a concentration of injured Gazans in need of emergency care in an already overburdened and under-resourced medical infrastructure. This has resulted in amputations that could have been prevented and a deteriorating system of aftercare, making it difficult if not impossible to obtain follow-up surgeries, prostheses, and psychological support. The research surveyed here necessarily argues for better resourced medical facilities, but also notes we must also address the obvious cause of the crisis, which is the unrestrained and systematic genocidal violence of the Israeli state, supported by the US and other Global North collaborators, toward Palestinians.[62] The only real solution to the amputee crisis is to end the Israeli settler-colonial occupation of Palestine.

[1] For a small fraction of the pre-October 7, 2023 reporting by humanitarian aid organizations on the amputee situation in Gaza, see “Gaza: Reconstructing Lives after Amputations,” Médecins Sans Frontières, July 18, 2022; “Great March of Return: Shattered Limbs, Shattered Lives,” Médecins Sans Frontières; “Gaza: Crutches of Metal and Hopes of Steel,” International Committee of the Red Cross, February 12, 2019; Emergency Trauma Response to the Gaza Mass Demonstrations 2018–2019: A One-Year Review of Trauma Data and the Humanitarian Consequences, WHO, May 2019.

[2] “Quick Facts: The Palestinian Nakba (‘Catastrophe'),” Institute for Middle East Understanding, April 5, 2023.

[3] Stephen McCloskey, “UN's Warning That Gaza Will Not Be a ‘Liveable Place' by 2020 Has Been Realised,” OpenDemocracy, January 15, 2020.

[4] Yvette Godwin, “An Epidemic of Lower Limb Gunshot Injuries,” PMFA Journal, June 18, 2020.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, “Press Release on the Occasion of the International Day of Persons with Disabilities,” December 3, 2023.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Harri Lee, Ola Abu Alghaib, and Rabeca Lauriciano, “Disability in Gaza: Policy, Barriers to Inclusion and a Mapping of Interventions,” UK Department for International Development, May 24, 2019.

[9] “Gaza: People with Disabilities Disproportionately Affected by the Energy and Salary Crisis,” OCHA, October 11, 2017.

[10] Yvette Godwin, Ahmed Almaqadma, Hafez Abukhoussa, and Mohammed Obaid, “Stump-plasty: An Operation Born of Necessity in Gaza,” Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction, 16, no. 2 (2021).

[11] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Life after Conflict-Related Amputation Trauma: A Clinical Study from the Gaza Strip,” BMC International Health Human Rights 18, no. 34 (2018).

[12] Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, Amputees: The Challenges Faced by Gaza-Strip Amputees in Seeking Medical Treatment, May 2016.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Kristin Solberg, “Gaza's Health and Humanitarian Crisis,” The Lancet 384, no. 9941 (August 2014).

[15] OCHA, Key Figures on the 2014 Hostilities, June 23, 2015.

[16] “2014 Gaza Conflict,” UNRWA.

[17] Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, Amputees: The Challenges Faced by Gaza-Strip Amputees in Seeking Medical Treatment, May 2016.

[18] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius, “Life after War-Related Extremity Amputations: A Retrospective, Descriptive Clinical Follow-up Study from Gaza, Occupied Palestine,” PhD diss., The Arctic University of Tromsø, 2019.

[19] “Great March of Return: Shattered Limbs, Shattered Lives,” Médecins Sans Frontières.

[20] “UN Experts Say Gaza Health Care at ‘Breaking Point,'” United Nations Human Rights, June 21, 2018.

[21] OHCHR, “Report of the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Violations Committed during the Protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory in 2018,” February 28, 2019.

[22] Jasbir Puar, The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability, (Duke University Press, 2017).

[23] IDF Editorial Team, “IDF Use of Potentially Lethal Force,” February 13, 2022.

[24] “Israeli Supreme Court Gives Green Light to Continued Use of Live Fire, Snipers against Gaza Protesters,” Adalah, May 25, 2018. See also Ghada Majadli and Hadas Ziv, “Amputating the Body, Fragmenting the Nation: Palestinian Amputees in Gaza,” Health Human Rights 24, no. 2 (2022): 281–92.

[25] Dania Akkad, “‘Shoot to Maim': How Israel Created a Generation on Crutches in Gaza,” Middle East Eye, March 29, 2019.

[26] Hilo Glazer, “ ‘42 Knees in One Day': Israeli Snipers Open Up About Shooting Gaza Protesters,” Haaretz, March 6, 2020.

[27] “Shoot and Abandon: 155 Amputees and 27 Paralyzed in Two Years: How Israel Punishes Those Who Dare Protest the Siege of the Gaza Strip,” B'tselem, January 30, 2020.

[28] Rosie Scammell and Nagham Mohanna, “How Gaza Amputees Adjust after Suffering Wounds of War,” National News, November 9, 2021.

[29] Emergency Trauma Response to the Gaza Mass Demonstrations 2018–2019: A One-Year Review of Trauma Data and the Humanitarian Consequences, WHO, May 2019.

[30] Ibid.

[31] “It's a War on Children | Centre Stage,” posted on December 15, 2023, by Al Jazeera English, YouTube.

[32] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Life after Conflict-Related Amputation Trauma: A Clinical Study from the Gaza Strip.”

[33] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Disturbing Medical Findings in War-Related Traumatic Amputation Patients: A Clinical Descriptive Study from Gaza,” BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (2020).

[34] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Life after Conflict-Related Amputation Trauma: A Clinical Study from the Gaza Strip.”

[35] Sara Roy, The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-Development (Institute for Palestine Studies, 1995).

[36] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius, “Life after War-Related Extremity Amputations: A Retrospective, Descriptive Clinical Follow-up Study from Gaza, Occupied Palestine.”

[37] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Does Pain, Psychological Distress and Deteriorated Family Economy Follow Traumatic Amputation among War Casualties? A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study from Gaza," BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (2019).

[38] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius, “Life after War-Related Extremity Amputations: A Retrospective, Descriptive Clinical Follow-up Study from Gaza, Occupied Palestine.”

[39] Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, “Press Release on the Occasion of the International Day of Persons with Disabilities,” December 3, 2023.

[40] Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, Amputees: The Challenges Faced by Gaza-Strip Amputees in Seeking Medical Treatment.

[41] Yvette Godwin, Almaqadma Ahmed, and Hammad Yousef Shaat, “A Review of the First Wave of Lower Limb Amputees from the Great March of Return in Gaza: Taking Stock and Preparing for the Task Ahead," Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured 53, no. 7 (July 2022).

[42] “The Amputee Crisis in Gaza,” PCRF; “Gaza Amputee Project,” PCRF.

[43] Fares Akram, "New Soccer League Helps Gaza Amputees Cope with War Trauma,” AP News, December 8, 2021.

[44] “ICRC's Year in Pictures, 2021: War Expands, Athletes Shine and Families Reunite,” International Committee of the Red Cross, December 22, 2021.

[45] Rosie Scammell and Nagham Mohanna, “How Gaza Amputees Adjust after Suffering Wounds of War,” National News, November 9, 2021.

[46] Hosni Nedim, “4,500 Amputations Reported in Gaza amid Israeli War,” Anadolu Ajansı, January 1, 2025.

[47] “Gaza Health Official: ‘4,500 Amputations since Start of Israel's Genocide,'” Middle East Monitor, January 11, 2025.

[48] Juzoor for Health and Social Development, A War on Health: Juzoor's Report on Health Sector in Gaza, March 2024.

[49] “The Number of People with Disabilities Is Increasing Rapidly in Light of the Israeli Aggression, Which Exacerbates Their Suffering and Reduces Their Chances of Survival,” Al-Haq, February 8, 2024.

[50] QADER for Community Development, The Impact of the Israeli Aggression on the Gaza Strip on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Monitoring Violations, Legal Analysis, and Avenues for Accountability and Effective Remedies, April 2024.

[51] Eliza Griswold, “The Children Who Lost Limbs in Gaza,” The New Yorker, March 21, 2024.

[52] Sharmila Devi, “Child Health in Gaza,” The Lancet 404, no. 10463 (October 2024).

[53] Personal communication, Dr. Layth Hanbali, February 3, 2025.

[54] Juzoor for Health and Social Development, A War on Health: Juzoor's Report on Health Sector in Gaza, March 2024.

[55] Griswold, “The Children Who Lost Limbs in Gaza.”

[56] Nidal Bin Kamran and Muddassir Syed Saleem, “Child Amputees in Gaza: A Humanitarian Crisis Demanding Action,” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health (2025).

[57] Ibid. See also Griswold, “The Children Who Lost Limbs in Gaza.”

[58] Hanne Edøy Heszlein-Lossius et al., “Disturbing Medical Findings in War-Related Traumatic Amputation Patients: A Clinical Descriptive Study from Gaza.”

[59] QADER for Community Development, The Impact of the Israeli Aggression on the Gaza Strip on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

[60] Griswold, “The Children Who Lost Limbs in Gaza.”

[61] QADER for Community Development, The Impact of the Israeli Aggression on the Gaza Strip on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

[62] James Smith et al., “Violence in Palestine Demands Immediate Resolution of Its Settler Colonial Root Causes,” BMJ Global Health 8, no. 10 (October 2023).